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Satellites have become increasingly attractive for a wide range of new applications. For 3GPP 5G NTN systems, we recognize the importance of two key areas: narrowband IoT NTN and wideband NTN. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations hold considerable appeal for handsets and User Equipment (UE), primarily due to reduced path loss and improved link budget, the ability to handle improved signal quality and coverage, and lower latency and higher data rates, which facilitate faster and more responsive communication. However, deploying LEO constellations also presents challenges, including the increased Doppler effect caused by the swift movement of satellites and the need for a substantial number of satellites to maintain uninterrupted service coverage, which introduces logistical and operation hurdles. Success in transitioning from satellite to smartphone handsets relies on some key factors. Continued investment in new satellite constellations for broadband. Development of low-cost UE terminals for mass market accessibility. Leveraging low Earth orbits to enhance connectivity. Standardizing radio access to avoid fragmentation. Adopting 3GPP 5G NTN for scalability. Addressing necessary 5G enhancements for competitive viability and resolving the regulatory approvals and global agreements as potential risks.
5G NTN functionality was first standardized in 3GPP Release 17. Regarding satellite orbits with 5G NTNs, these are principally Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in the short term. LEO satellites introduce new challenges related to Doppler shift and signal delay due to the rapid movement relative to Earth. Initially, the traditional 5G channel model outlined in 3GPP Technical Report 38.901 primarily addressed stationary terrestrial links accounting for factors like path loss and multipath propagation in Earth-based scenarios. However, as 5G technology advanced, it became clear that conventional models needed to be improved to capture the complexities of non-terrestrial networks, including satellite communication, high-altitude platform systems, and air-to-ground networks to meet these unique requirements end-to-end. 3GPP introduced Technical Report 38.811, offering comprehensive guidelines for modeling wireless channels across terrestrial and non-terrestrial links, ensuring an accurate representation of the diverse scenarios encountered in end-to-end deployments. 3GPP laid out two architectures: Transparent, also called “bent pipe”, and regenerative. The transparent architecture for 5G NGN involves connectivity via satellite acting as a repeater and is the topic of this webinar.
The end-to-end transmission path modeling environment has some unique attributes. In satellite link transmission, the RF characteristics differ significantly from terrestrial, manifesting in greater path loss, extended delays, and increased frequency errors. Transparent, or bent pipe, requires modeling satellite hardware as part of the wireless link. In addition, interference and other environments must be considered when validating the link. The end-to-end RF link can be divided into several subsystems, each contributing to the overall performance. RF channels experience not only satellite channel effects but also terrestrial fading, necessitating comprehensive analysis and mitigation strategies. The satellite payload comprises various components such as filters, power amplifiers, and mixer circuitry, each introducing its own challenges, including phase noise, thermal noise, and distortion at both the transmitting, and receiving ends. Thermal and phase noise characteristics are also added to the signal.
Multi-domain modeling is essential, covering analog, digital, and baseband DSP to capture the system accurately. Satellite link designs must be validated with 5G signals and appropriate channel models. System engineers, RF engineers, and antenna designers need flexible 5G source configuration for different end-to-end deployments, as well as TR 38.811 compliant channel model implementation, which captures both satellite and terrestrial components of the link.
The Keysight System Design software suite tackles critical design challenges. These challenges include the demand for virtual analysis tools for 5G end-to-end scenarios, the need for accelerated design of high-fidelity array systems, and the unmet need for broadband power amplifier validation with digital pre-distortion. System Design is a powerful tool that brings together RF engineers, phased array designers, and DSP developers to work harmoniously within a single environment. Leverage system-level modeling and simulation capabilities for 5G end-to-end communications and experience the impacts. Ask for a free System Design trial today.
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